Evolución de las tasas de retorno a la educación en el Ecuador y la Región Sur, durante el período 2003-2010
Many of us have once wondered what to study and until which point to do it, in order to be able to get the future income derived from a further academic preparation. However, when having to make the decision of whether continuing the studies or not and what to study as well, we neither have the aspe...
Furkejuvvon:
| Váldodahkki: | |
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| Materiálatiipa: | bachelorThesis |
| Giella: | spa |
| Almmustuhtton: |
2016
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| Fáttát: | |
| Liŋkkat: | http://dspace.unl.edu.ec/jspui/handle/123456789/12830 |
| Fáddágilkorat: |
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Lasit fáddágilkoriid | Čoahkkáigeassu: | Many of us have once wondered what to study and until which point to do it, in order to be able to get the future income derived from a further academic preparation. However, when having to make the decision of whether continuing the studies or not and what to study as well, we neither have the aspects to consider clear, nor the certainty that if dedicating several years to studying and giving up the income earning during that period of time would lead to a reward, once we get into the labor market, that meets the expectations we had to make a further inversion in human capital. In recent years, a great deal of research has tried to answer the question about the importance of education for economical improvement as well as for people’s income. Moreover, education levels of the population have also been considered as development and wellbeing indicators. In Ecuador, research projects related to the return rate of education have already been developed. Nevertheless, these are not recent, which is why the idea of developing an updated work on the topic was born, with the aim of focusing in data analysis for the Southern Region of Ecuador, formed by the provinces of El Oro, Zamora and Loja. This study will enable us to offer counseling to individuals who invest in their own human capital, as well as to people responsible of developing education policies, and the labor market itself. This is why the interest of this work is addressed in determining the evolution of the Return Rate of formal education, through the application of an econometric model that tries to explain how education affects the income of Ecuadorian people, specifically in the Southern Region, which is formed by the provinces of El Oro, Zamora and Loja, as already stated, during the period between 2003 and 2010. For that purpose, the labor market is discriminated in male and female, because each gender has its own particular characteristics, which can influence the decisions of being part of the labor market, as well as the income gotten from it. The central hypotheses is that the gain or return rate of an individual is increased by the years of education, and that this generates direct and indirect benefits for the individuals, turned into higher income for the workers. In order to do this, the econometric model proposed by Jacob Mincer is used, which was presented in his work “Schooling, Experience and Earnings”, published for the first time in 1974, and considered as the base of the study of labor market and human capital, with the purpose of showing how mainly education, as well as experience and other additional variables, can explain the income levels of an individual. The basic idea is that, the more education and experience an individual gets, the higher the income gotten in the labor market will be. Thereafter, the same model is estimated using the model proposed by Heckman to solve the selection bias problem, present in most of the empiric estimations of this kind, especially in the women’s sample because they are probably self-selected to enter the labor market. By testing the hypotheses of existence of selection bias, it was known that not only women self-select them, but also men do so occasionally due to their own opportunity cost of working, expressed by their reserve salary (i.e. the minimum salary an individual would accept to give up their leisure hours). Finally, the results are consolidated, in which there is selection bias with their respective corrections along with the ones of Mincer model for the samples in which there was not this problem, for being the best linear unbiased estimators, getting in this way, definite results. The same estimations were carried out for each economic activity group in order to determine which of them offers higher return as a reward for studying more. These economic activities were classified as detailed: low-technology industries, manufacturing industry, building, commerce, basic services, professional services, public administration and personal services. The used information was gotten thanks to the Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey (ENEMDU in Spanish), provided by the Census and Statistics Institute (INEC in Spanish), in the period between 2003 and 2010. This data let us adopt a broader sample that it would have been possible to gather at fist hand. The results show that in the Southern Region of Ecuador the return rates of education are lower than the national average; women get higher return rates than men; and the activities that have public support are more profitable than the ones belonging to the private sector, due to salary differences derived from a higher academic preparation. |
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