Obtención de quitosano a partir del exoesqueleto del camarón (infraorden caridea).

Chitosan is a natural polymer obtained from the exoskeleton of crustaceans such as lobster, crab, shrimp and some cases of fungi and marine algae. This product is considered as the second most abundant polymer after cellulose due to its biomedical, biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic properties it is widely used in various fields; Among its uses is to be additive in foods, vehicle for administration of pharmaceutical forms, healing, antimicrobials among other applications. This project aimed to obtain chitosan in a preliminary way from the shrimp exoskeleton (Infraorder Coridea) that inhabits the coastal region of Ecuador in the province of Oro. The selected exoskeleton samples were dried and ground. It was then sieved with the aim of working with a particle size of 0.250 mm. Chitin was isolated by demineralization at 30 degrees and 0.6 N HCl, deproteinization at 28 ° C and NaOH, 1N, to subsequently deacetylate the sample to chitosan. This process was carried out with two concentration levels: with a NaOH solution at a concentration of 40% and another with 50% NaOH. The resulting products were characterized with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and also the determinations of moisture, total ash and solubility were performed. In addition, the presence of the heavy metals lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) were evaluated. In the IR spectrum, signals in the band appearing at 3380 cm-1 were observed for OH groups; At 3250 cm-1 to the NH group; 1621 cm -1, 1650 cm -1, 1379 cm -1, 1114 cm -1, 1069 cm -1 and 1013 cm -1 corresponds to the amide vibrations I, II and III. The images visualized by scanning electron microscopy were analyzed by means of microphotographs obtained at 50 μm optical approach, where it was possible to observe their relatively compact and fibrous structure. The friable morphology that contains this polymer, is taken as reference for the textile applications and biodegradable films. The determination of the humidity gave us a value of 0.30% for the 40% NaOH solution and 2.63% to that obtained at 50%. The ash content present in the sample was about 0.23%. Solubility is an important factor in this case, it was demonstrated that chitosan was soluble in acidic media concentrates applying different temperatures; Ambient, 60 degrees centigrade, 150 ° C seeing the variation in uneven weather. In the analysis of heavy metals the results showed that the chitosan contains 9 μg / g of mercury, lead and arsenic; No result was reported because the technique used are below reported values. The results were analyzed in flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer in the case of Pb and As and in Hg it was analyzed through the hydride vapor generator. This project allowed to develop in a preliminary way the production of chitosan from the chitin extracted from the exoskeleton of shrimp and the characterization of the same. It can be considered for future chitosan marketing projects in the country.

• Autore principale: Solano Romero, Jessica Fernanda (author)
• Natura: bachelorThesis
• Pubblicazione: 2017
• Soggetti: QUITINA; QUITOSANO; DESPROTEINIZACIÓN; DESMINERALIZACIÓN; DESACETILACIÓN; POLIMERO
• Accesso online: http://repositorio.utmachala.edu.ec/handle/48000/11382